Tag: animal housing

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Feeding a Combination of Acidogenic Materials and Cation Exchangers Reduces Manure Ammonia Emissions and Improves Laying Hen Performance

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Layers)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Ration Manipulation
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Feeding a combination of acidogens and indigestible cation exchangers reduces manure ammonia emission rates by sequestering ammonium in the manure. Average reductions of up to 68% have been noted in production environments. Reduced levels of ammonia in the production environment improve bird and worker health, reduces bird mortality, and improves productivity.

 

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Ammonia emissions are reduced through the use of alternative feed components.
  • The technology is suitable for use in any layer housing system.
  • Mitigation of manure ammonia emissions is due to a combination of reduced manure pH and cation exchangers present in the manure.

Limitations

  • Overfeeding acidogenic materials can adversely affect performance and productivity.
  • Effective levels of acidogens are typically well below the threshold level at which adverse effects would be noted.
  • No adverse effects due to overfeeding cation exchangers have been noted.
  • Cation exchange capacity, buffering capacity, and selectivity for ammonium are critical to the performance of this system.
  • Acceptable ratios of acidogen to cation exchanger depend on acidogen pKa and cation exchanger buffering capacity.

 

Cost

Suitable acidogens and cation exchangers are available in the marketplace. Gypsum/zeolite blends are commercially available as a pre-mix. Implementation of gypsum/zeolite blends depends on feed bin availability, while admixing sodium bisulfate and either zeolite or humate can be done through a microbin system.

Per-ton feed costs are increased when the system is utilized, but increased feed costs are more than offset by reduced hen mortality, improved feed conversion and egg production, and reduced per-dozen production costs.

 

Authors

E. Carroll Hale III
Earth Net LLC Point of Contact:
admin@usedi.com

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Management of Dairy Operations to Prevent Excessive Ammonia Emissions

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Dairy
Use Area: Animal Housing, Manure Storage
Technology Category: Management
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Ammonia emissions data from open-lot and hybrid (combination of free-stalls and open-lots) dairies in the milder climate of southwest US indicated that summer emissions from these facilities were nearly 50% higher than winter emissions. Due to their large surface areas, lagoons and open-lot corrals were the highest contributors of NH3 emissions but little NH3 was emitted from lagoons during the winter months. Within open-lot corrals and free-stalls, NH3 emissions increased with greater manure loading and actively composting manure emitted considerable NH3 even during winter months. While reduction in dietary N intake is known to reduce manure nitrogen content, no information on technologies to mitigate NH3 emissions from these two types of dairy operations is available. Management practices such as frequent removal of manure from heavily loaded areas of open-lots and free-stalls, proper management of lagoons and other manure storage structures, summer irrigation of lagoon effluent during cooler temperatures, and where possible, incorporation or injection of effluent will help reduce excessive NH3 emissions. While frequent scrapping of targeted open-lot corral areas can be achieved without substantial increase in costs, covering lagoons to reduce NH3 emissions will be a very expensive mitigation practice.

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Ammonia volatilization rate from dairy manure and processes generated waste water exposed to the environment depends upon total ammonium concentration, pH, moisture content, air velocity, temperature etc.
  • The management practices apply to mitigation of excessive NH3 emitting from open-lot corrals, lagoons, and free-stall surface of dairy operations
  • Existing dairy waste management practices can be adopted to reduce excessive NH3 emissions from critical sites at the dairy operation and during effluent irrigation during summer season

 

Limitations

  • Lack of excess fresh or recycled water for frequent flushing
  • Lack of extra storage capacity of retention control structures (RCS) to store additional flushed effluent.
  • Terminating or relocating the composting system out of the dairy operation

 

Cost

Increased frequency of flushing will require more fresh or recycled water as well as a higher storage capacity of an existing RCS or building a new one, adding higher costs to implement this practice. Another substantial cost may be covering large storage and treatment structures such as anaerobic lagoons to reduce NH3 emissions.

Authors

Saqib Mukhtar, Atilla Mutlu, Shafiqur Rahman
Texas A&M University System
Point of Contact:
Saqib Mukhtar, mukhtar@tamu.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Water Requirements for Dust Control on Feedlots

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Beef, Dairy
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Facility Management
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Dust, Odor

System Summary

Feedlot dust contributes to cattle illness along with potential non-attainment of PM10 emission standards in localized areas of North America. Increasing the surface moisture content decreases the potential for entrainment of PM10 particles during evening cattle activity resulting in improved cattle health and attainment with air quality standard. Individual feedlots vary in capacity, pen density and overall area necessitating educational outreach efforts including one-on-one technology transfer. A computer model was developed to enable feedlot owners to evaluate their particular facilities including the potential water requirements and cost of mitigating dust and other air emissions. The water requirement is estimated based on initial soil moisture, desired final moisture content, surface coverage area, soil wetting depth, sprinkler efficiency and application time. These parameters are used to estimate well capacity, main and branch water pipe size, number of wetting zones based on sprinkler head capacity, application time and nozzle requirements. Pumping requirements are based on application rate, pump efficiency and total head losses. Operational costs are based on an initial investment in the system along with pumping cost. This results in a total cost per head per month based on the fixed and variable cost.

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Design sprinkler package for open lot dust control
  • Economic analysis of the dust control system
  • Spreadsheet based model – easy to use
  • Provides quick evaluation of when inputs parameters are varied
  • Estimates daily water requirements per head for dust control

Limitations

  • Results dependent on input parameters
  • Assumes water application is uniform
  • Assumes initial cost of installation of a sprinkler package is known
  • Adequate water availability for dust control

Cost

The cost of dust control on open feedlots ranges from $0.60 to $2.40 per marketed head. The cost of the infrastructure of the sprinkler system or water application equipment is reduced with increases in feedlot capacity or marketed head per year. The fixed cost represents 60 to 80 percent of the annual cost. The variable costs are dependent on the days per year necessary for attainment of PM10 emissions from open feedlots or earthen dry lots commonly found in the High Plains region of the North America.

Authors

Joseph Harner 1, Ronaldo Maghirang1, Edna Razote11Kansas State University
Point of Contact:
Joseph Harner, jharner@ksu.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Using Liquid Aluminum Sulfate to Reduce Poultry Housing Ammonia Emissions

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Broiler and Turkey)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Amendment (Chemical)
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Application of liquid aluminum sulfate to poultry litter has been demonstrated to effectively reduce litter ammonia emissions in broiler and turkey production systems. Liquid alum should be applied prior to bird placement in the house. The length of ammonia emission control ranges from 2.5 to 3.5 weeks following application and increases with increasing application rate (Armstrong, et. al, 2003). In addition to reducing overall house ammonia emissions, liquid alum can be used to hold in-house ammonia levels below 25 ppm during the first two weeks of a grow-out, which is considered to have a positive effect on bird performance

Selection of a liquid alum application rate is dependent upon the amount of and length of ammonia control desired. Tested liquid alum application rates (48.5% alum Al Clear product) of 0.82 and 1.64 L/m2 (0.02 and 0.04 gal/ft2), were considered low and high rates, respectively. When tested in poultry broiler production housing, the low rate suppressed in-house ammonia levels for 2.5 weeks, and the high rate suppressed ammonia levels for 3.5 weeks. In addition to reducing in house ammonia levels, there is some evidence that using liquid alum will also reduce mortalities through improved bird health and reduce propane use during cooler months because of reduced ventilation requirements.

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • NH3 volatilization from litter is dependent on pH, moisture content, in-house air velocity, NH4 concentration, and temperature
  • Litter pH is an important factor for controlling NH3 volatilization
  • Application of liquid alum reduces litter pH and suppresses NH3 emission
  • Liquid alum is applied to the litter before birds are in place

Limitations

  • Liquid alum application looses its effectiveness ~ three weeks after initial application
  • Since liquid alum begins working immediately, and birds are typically placed 1 week after application, a two week period of effectiveness can be expected once birds are placed.
  • The material has a low pH and can be corrosive to handle
  • Liquid alum is recommended to be applied by a commercial applicator, since transport is regulated.

Cost

The delivered cost of liquid alum is dependent upon the proximity of the production facility to a liquid alum distributor. Distributor cost is reflective of transport and chemical costs. For the costs presented here, the production facility was 370 km (230 miles) from the distributer and the delivered cost for liquid alum was 0.16 cents/L (0.60 cents/gal). The costs associated with liquid alum as an amendment to mitigate ammonia is the cost of the material and transport plus the application fee. In this case, the application fee was $40/house. Preparation for liquid alum placement in the house requires the same steps that are taken in preparing the production house for the next grow out, so no additional house preparation costs are incurred. The cost per 1,824 m2 (20,000 ft2) production house is $262 for an application rate of 0.82 L/m2 (0.02 gal/ft2) and $504 for an application rate of 1.64 L/m2 (0.04 gal/ft2); this is equivalent to $0.009 and $0.017 per bird produced. In this case, the proximity of the production facility to the distributor was favorable, and the cost of applying liquid alum was less than the cost of applying the equivalent amount of dry alum.

Authors

Robert Burns1, Philip Moore2, Lara Moody11Iowa State University, 2 USDA Agricultural Research Service
Point of Contact:
Robert Burns, rburns@iastate.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Technologies for Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Housing

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

Pigs

Dairy

Beef

Poultry

The summaries below were applied in high-rise layer poultry houses, which are not typically built anymore (although many are still in use). The technologies mentioned should still have application to other types of housing systems.

Multiple Species

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Litter Management Strategies in Relation to Ammonia Emissions from Floor-Raised Birds

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Broiler and Turkey)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Management, Chemical Amendment
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Managing floor-raised poultry offers options for providing a suitable environment for the bird productivity and an opportunity to reduce environmental pollution. Reduction of aerial ammonia (NH3) concentration within the poultry house will benefit bird health for improved production and reduce emissions from the building. Three management options are discussed: 1. new bedding every flock; 2. built-up litter; 3. built-up litter with acidifying product.

Indoor ammonia level and emissions are most improved with use of new litter every flock. Adoption of this practice is very limited in the USA. Built-up litter is most common in the USA. Acidifying treatments are applied to built-up litter in an attempt to reduce litter pH below 7 to overcome the substantial ammonia volatilization

Acid treatments have offered variable results under field conditions in reducing in-house aerial ammonia levels and associated emissions. Variable results are due, in part, to reduced ventilation rates to lower supplemental heat expenditures after application of acid treatment. Reduced ventilation fresh air exchange results in increased house humidity and ammonia concentration within the building. Attention to litter pH and aerial humidity after application of acid-treatment should improve results for more consistent aerial environment improvement.

 

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Reducing ammonia during brooding improves bird productivity and lowers emissions to atmosphere.
  • Litter pH below 7 inhibits ammonia production and volatilization
  • New bedding every flock provides ~0 ppm ammonia in-house and NH3 emission for the first week

 

Limitations

  • Acid effectiveness lasts two to three weeks with re-application impractical
  • Affordable sources of suitable new bedding not available in all regions
  • Ammonia held in litter by acid is released later in flock for limited overall flock emissions reduction

 

Cost

Labor cost of implementing new litter every flock is close to the labor (16 hours) for managing built-up litter. Cost of new bedding material every flock may be equal to, but usually greater than acid treatment between flocks. New litter benefit reported here does not account for the savings from reduced energy use during the brooding period (lower ventilation rates possible) and increased bird placement numbers with the improved environment versus flocks raised on acid-treated built-up litter.

Authors

Eileen Wheeler1, Kenneth Casey2, Richard Gates3, Hongwei Xin4, Yi Liang5, Patrick Topper1
1Pennsylvania State University, 2 Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System, 3University of Kentucky, 4Iowa State University, 5University of Arkansas
Point of Contact:
Eileen Fabian Wheeler, efw2@psu.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Poultry Litter with Alum

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Broiler and Turkey)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Chemical Amendment
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Aluminum sulfate (alum) additions to poultry litter have been shown to reduce ammonia concentrations in and emissions from poultry rearing facilities. Adding alum to litter also decreases phosphorus runoff. There are three types of alum can be used in poultry houses; dry, liquid and high acid liquid alum (this paper focuses on dry alum). Typically alum is not applied to fresh bedding material, but added to used bedding prior to each subsequent flock. Ammonia levels in poultry houses receiving alum have been shown to be reduced by over 75% for the first two weeks of the flock, 50% the third week, and 20-30% thereafter. However, the exact length of time that ammonia is controlled is dependent on the rate of alum application, with higher rates resulting in better ammonia control. Recommended rates of alum vary from 0.045 to 0.09 kg/bird. However, these rates were based on broilers weighing 1.82 kg (4 lbs) at market age. Recently, more companies are growing larger broilers, which result in higher manure production and more ammonia emissions. Hence, for large birds the final market weight of the bird should be considered, with the corresponding range in alum application rates being 0.025 to 0.05 kg alum/kg bird. Alum application rates will be dependent on the desired length of time ammonia is controlled and whether or not controlling P runoff is desirable. Rates of 0.09 kg/bird have been shown to control ammonia for six weeks, while 0.045 kg/bird only controls ammonia for three weeks. Other benefits of alum include heavier birds, better feed conversion, lower condemnation, and reduced propane use during cooler months as a result of lower ventilation needs. Crop yields are also higher with alum-treated litter because of higher nitrogen content. Phosphorus, heavy metal and estrogen runoff are also reduced when litter is treated with alum, improving water quality.

 

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • NH3 volatilization from litter is dependent on pH, moisture content, air velocity, NH4 concentration, and temperature
  • Litter pH is an important factor for controlling NH3 volatilization
  • Alum applications reduce litter pH and suppresses NH3 emissions
  • Alum is applied to the litter before birds are placed

 

Limitations

  • Alum looses its effectiveness with time
  • Since alum begins working as soon as applied, birds should be placed 2-5 days after application
  • Dry alum results in dusty conditions during application; dust masks and goggles should be worn
  • The material has a low pH and can be corrosive to handle
  • Cost of alum is variable, dependent upon proximity of the production facility to the supplier

Cost

The cost of alum is dependent upon both the chemical cost, the proximity of the production facility to the supplier, and the charge made by a third party to apply it (if applicable). In the economic evaluation made by Moore et al. in 1999, the cost of alum was $0.26/kg alum applied ($0.12/lb), which was equivalent to $480 for a 1459 m2 house (16,000 ft2) treated with 1816 kg alum(4000 lb). Savings to the grower and integrator from lower propane and electricity use, heavier birds, improved feed conversion and lower condemnation totaled $940, resulting in a benefit cost ratio of 1.96. As a result of these benefits, currently 700-800 million chickens are grown with alum each year.

Authors

Philip Moore1, Dana Miles2, Robert Burns21USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2 Iowa State University
Point of Contact:
Philip Moore, philipm@uark.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Effects of Aluminum Sulfate and Aluminum Chloride Applications to Manure on Ammonia Emission from a High-Rise Layer Barn

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Layer)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Chemical Amendment
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

The effectiveness of aluminum sulfate (alum, Al2(SO4)3) as a litter amendment in poultry houses has been recognized in several studies. Emission rates of ammonia (NH3) were measured at two 169,000-hen high-rise layer barns in Ohio, for six months. The tests were conducted to evaluate baseline and mitigated emission rates. An alum and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) spraying system was installed in the treated Barn 2. Concentrations of NH3 were measured at the barn exhaust fans and in incoming air, using real-time NH3 analyzers. Temperatures, relative humidity, barn static pressure, and fan operation were also measured.

The average daily mean untreated net NH3 emission rate was 480 g/d-AU (1.35 g/d-hen), where AU is an animal unit or 500 kg (1100 lb) of bird weight. The alum and AlCl3 applications reduced NH3 emission by 23% based on the overall cross-barn comparison of paired emission differences between barns. The NH3 mitigation efficiency of the Al2(SO4)3 application was compromised by clogged nozzles, manure turning, and introduction of a new flock of hens. Higher reductions of 33, 23 and 40% were achieved during later test periods. The application of AlCl3 in the last test was expected to further reduce NH3 emission, but the reduction was only 27%. The lower NH3 emission reduction efficiency of AlCl3 was probably due to higher moisture content of manure in Barn 2.

 

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Aluminum sulfate and aluminum chloride can lower manure pH and reduce ammonia emission
  • A 3000-gal tank stored the chemicals, and spray tubes and sprinkling nozzles were installed along the barn length
  • Solutions were automatically sprayed every hour, for a total of 24 times per day

 

Limitations

  • The nozzles were easily clogged when spraying aluminum sulfate
  • The additional chemical solution increased manure moisture content, especially in cold weather, thus reducing its effectiveness
  • The spraying system requires training to operate and maintain
  • The chemicals were acidic and corrosive
  • Manure on second floor was untreated.

Cost

The costs of the alum and AlCl3 were $0.13/L and $0.14/L, respectively, without delivery charges. At each delivery, 5678 L (1500 gal) of alum or AlCl3 was first added into the holding tank, and an equal volume of water was added to produce a 50% solution. The field records showed that five deliveries worth $3700 of alum were used in 85 days, or $44 per barn per day. The automatic spray controller cost about $3000, and the doubled-wall holding tank was $6500. A single wall tank would be less expensive. The labor to maintain the controller, air and water pumps is estimated at 3 hours per week per barn. The air pump provided the pressure for spraying, and the water pump filled the spray pipe with the solution.

Authors

Teng Teeh Lim1, Chaoyuan Wang2, Ji-Qin Ni1, Albert J. Heber1, and Lingying Zhao31Purdue University, 2 China Agricultural University, 3
Ohio State University Point of Contact:
Teng Teeh Lim, limt@purdue.edu

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Microbial Additives to Reduce Ammonia Emission from Poultry Houses

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Ration Manipulation
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Use of Bacterial products (Bacillus based) such as Micro Treat P and Provalen has demonstrated to effectively reduce litter ammonia emissions in broiler, layer and turkey production systems. It has been known that gram negative bacteria in the litter and fecal matter break down the nitrogen and convert to ammonia as result of their growth and multiplication. It is also been known that certain bacteria have the property to help in reduce gram negative bacteria in the litter and droppings there by retaining nitrogen in the litter and fecal matter. Micro Treat P is a proprietary product designed and produced by Agtech Products, Inc. This is added to the poultry litter. Provalen is a bacillus based feed additive designed for layers.

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • Gram negative bacteria are highly prevalent in poultry litter and waste.
  • These Gram negative bacteria convert uric acid in the poultry waste to make harmful ammonia.
  • Application of Micro Treat P and Provalen lowers the gram negative counts in the litter and poultry waste.
  • The reduction in Gram Negative bacterial population helps in nitrogen retention and reduced ammonia production.

Limitations

  • It is a long term ammonia reduction tool.
  • The mode of action of microbial litter amendments are cumulative in nature and do not accomplish a quick ammonia reduction like chemicals.

Cost

MicroTreat P comes foil packs and is concentrated for convenient use. The application rate is based on type of poultry and fecal material produced. Typically the treatment costs are as follows: Broilers $0.005 per bird, Turkeys $0.055 (40 pound tom) and $0.028 (16 pound hen). The cost to treat layers feeds with Provalen is approximately $2.00/ ton.

Authors

Daniel Karunakaran
Agtech Products, INC. Waukesha, WI
Point of Contact:
Dr. Daniel Karunakaran, dkarunakaran@agtechproducts.com

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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Using Klasp™ to Reduce Poultry Housing Ammonia Emissions

Reprinted, with permission, from the proceedings of: Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference.

The proceedings, “Mitigating Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations”, with expanded versions of these summaries can be purchased through the Midwest Plan Service.

This Technology is Applicable To:

Species: Poultry (Broiler and Turkey)
Use Area: Animal Housing
Technology Category: Chemical Amendment
Air Mitigated Pollutants: Ammonia

System Summary

Klasp™ has been shown to be an effective litter amendment for minimizing ammonia concentrations, decreasing litter moisture, and sequestering nitrogen and phosphorous. Klasp™ efficiently lowers litter pH while providing a drier house environment. Klasp™ is effective in reducing and holding in-house ammonia levels below 25ppm during the first 14 days of grow-out leading to providing an improved bird environment and improved bird performance.

Application rates of Klasp™ are dependent on management practices and needs. Typical rates will range from 34 to 56 kilograms per 93 m2 (75-125 lb/1000 ft2). The length of ammonia emission control increases with increasing application rate (Ritz et. al, 2007). Heat is not required to activate Klasp™ prior to bird placement. This mode of activation provides producers application flexibility and improved time management by allowing the product to be applied up to 4 days prior to bird placement.

Applicability and Mitigating Mechanism

  • NH3 volatilization from litter is dependent on pH, moisture content, air velocity, NH4 concentration, and temperature.
  • Klasp™ applications reduce litter pH and lowers NH3 emission
  • Litter pH affects NH3 volatilization
  • Klasp™ may be applied to the litter before bird placement

Limitations

  • Moisture is needed to activate Klasp™, as a result, extremely dry houses may influence performance
  • Applications rates will depend on current management practices and needs, along with seasonal temperatures
  • Application costs are subject to the proximity of the producer to the chemical distributor

Cost

Cost is dependent on several factors. The producer’s proximity to the chemical distributor, application rate, and use cycle of KlaspTM will contribute to the final per house cost.

Authors

Lance Reeder and Victor Johnson
Kemira
Point of Contact:
Lance Reeder, lance.reeder@kemira.com

The information provided here was developed for the conference Mitigating Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Conference held in May 2008. To obtain updates, readers are encouraged to contact the author.

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