- Introduction to Vegetative Treatment Systems
- Re
commended Resources About Vegetative Treatment Systems
- Research Summary: Animal Agriculture Facility Runoff Control using Intensive Management and Treatment Channels
- Research Summary: Controlling Runoff from Beef Feedlots Using Vegetative Treatment Systems
- Vegetative Treatment System Types and Configurations
- Vegetative Treatment Systems Frequently Asked Questions
- Webcasts and Virtual Tours of Vegetative Treatment Systems (VTS)
Passive Composting of Manure
Passive Composting
Passive composting is probably the most common method used today because it involves simply stacking feedstocks and leaving them to compost over a long period of time. Very little, if any activity is performed on the pile once it has been constructed. Initial composting parameters can be controlled but are not usually maintained during the entire process. This process relies on mother nature to draw cool air and oxygen into the pile as the warm air is released. This process is commonly referred to as the chimney effect.
In Vessel Composting of Manure
In-Vessel Composting
In-vessel composting refers to any type of composting that takes place inside a structure, container or vessel. Each type of system relies upon mechanical aeration and turning to enhance and decrease the duration of the composting process. The goal of in-vessel composting systems is to combine various composting techniques into one controlled environment, which utilizes the strength and minimizes the weakness inherent to other forms of composting.
Composting Manure in Windrows
Windrow composting
Windrow composting is similar to passive composting although the piles of materials are turned or aerated by mechanical equipment to maintain optimum conditions. Materials are placed in long rows where the actual size and shape of the windrow are dependent upon the feedstocks and type of turning equipment. Dimensions of the windrow normally range from three feet to twelve feet high and anywhere between eight to twenty feet wide. Mechanical turning is usually done with a front-end loader or a machine specifically designed for turning windrows
Educational and Commercial Resources for Manure Composting
Educational Resources
- Cornell Composting
- National Sustainable Agricultural Information Service (ATTRA)
- NRAES – Natural Resource Agricultural Engineering Services On Farm Composting Books
- NRCS – National Engineering Handbook Part 637 “Composting”
- Ohio Composting and Manure Management Program – OCAMM
- Oregon State University – Alternative for Livestock Manure Management and Disposal of Dead Animals
- University of Georgia – Poultry Mortality Composting Management Guide
- University of Georgia – Food Waste Composting, Institutional and Industrial Applications
- University of Nebraska – Composting Manure and Other Organic Residues
- Virginia Tech University- On Farm Composting
Commercial Resources
- BioCycle – Compost Industry Specific Monthly Publication
- BioCycle Directory of Equipment and Systems listing products and services
- Compost Science – Compost industry quarterly, peer reviewed journal
- US Composting Council – Industry professional organization
- Find a Composter in the US – Searchable database of compost facilities in the US
Consulting Resources
- Coker Composting & Consulting, Roanoke VA, provides professional support to the composting industry with experience in planning, designing, building and running compost facilities
- Tetra Tech provides responsible resource management and sustainable infrastructure services, offering innovative and cost effective solutions to complex problems
- Midwest Biosystems offers consulting services to fit the need of any proposed or existing composting operation
- Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. is a national management consulting firm that helps public and private sector organizations find solutions to solid waste management challenges
Author: Jason Governo, University of Georgia
Equipment and Software for Manure Composting
Composting Equipment & Software
- Engineered Compost Systems is a company that designs and manufactures equipment, including CompTroller(tm) compost control and monitoring systems, aeration hardware, motor controls, feedstock mixers, product refinement equipment, ASP pile building conveyors and transfer conveyor systems. They also provide technical support for compost process and facility design and trouble-shooting, pro-forma facility analysis, compost marketing support, and operator training.
- Green Mountain Technologies designs and manufactures in-vessel composting equipment. It also supplies compost management software and instrumentation, including 1)Windrow Manager 2.0 Software which includes a handheld Pocket PC, probe for temperature and oxygen sampling, and desktop software; 2)Compost Lab, a full suite of tools for managing compost batch data; and 3)Compost Calc – Recipe Software for predicting success of compost batches beforehand.
- Reotemp Instruments is a California composting company manufacturing bimetal thermometers, pressure gauges, diaphragm seals and related accessories, moisture meters, the EcoProbe wireless monitoring system that allows monitoring from the office and the Compost Data Logger that records up to 16,000 temperature readings over extended periods and is downloadable to computers.
- Industrial Telemetry, Inc., an Oklahoma Company, provides the BioMESH WindRow Control software program designed to allow the user to track the building and managing of the WindRows, static or turned, of a compost facility using patented transceiver/repeater REALMESH radio telemetry coupled with some of ITI’s sophisticated mapping techniques to transmit and track information while supporting simultaneous manual data entry.
- Midwest Bio-Systems manufactures specialized equipment for the production of humified compost. The Aeromaster line of compost turning equipment includes pull-type and self-propelled compost turners, water trailers, probes, thermometers, sulfide test kits, windrow covers and Aeromaster service parts. The Advanced Composting System line of inoculants include the N-Converter, Humifier and Finisher products.
- Renewable Carbon Management, LLC sells and licenses the NaturTech Composting System for converting organic materials into value added commodities. It is a biofiltration, in-vessel composting system that can be located in the smallest area possible with production ranging in size from 4 to 1000 tons/day. Programs can be implemented within 5 to 75 days, depending on the complexity of the process.
- Compost Wizard software program uses critical user-inputs such as types of feedstocks, types of equipment, number of workers and location of the facility, to develop a preliminary design of the composting process and facility, and an estimate of capital and operating costs. The user can quickly generate many different design scenarios that can be used to estimate the feasibility of composting as a waste management option.
Author: Jason Governo, University of Georgia
Separation Technologies for Capturing Nutrients from Manure
Exporting phosphorus and possibly nitrogen from larger livestock operations as well as regions of large livestock populations is often essential for protecting water quality. Solids (and nutrient) separation technologies are an option for concentrating nutrients for export. This webinar introduces three approaches to solids separation that are being applied in commercial settings. This presentation was originally broadcast on January 18, 2019. More… Continue reading “Separation Technologies for Capturing Nutrients from Manure”
Intersections of Environmental Management and Biosecurity in Animal Agriculture
This webinar addresses manure sampling challenges in a different species and recommendations to reduce sampling error. This presentation was originally broadcast on December 14, 2018. More… Continue reading “Intersections of Environmental Management and Biosecurity in Animal Agriculture”
Manure Pit Death: A Preventable Tragedy
Jerry entered a manure pit on his family’s dairy farm. He was overcome by hydrogen sulfide. He survived, but how? Now he’s trying to save others. This presentation was originally broadcast on October 19, 2018. More… Continue reading “Manure Pit Death: A Preventable Tragedy”
Considerations for the use of Manure Irrigation Practices
In response to concerns about this practice, University of Wisconsin Extension convened a workgroup to examine the issues related to manure irrigation. This webinar shares their results and implications. This presentation was originally broadcast on June 15, 2018. More… Continue reading “Considerations for the use of Manure Irrigation Practices”






