Table 1. Pathogen levels – Livestock and Poultry Environmental Learning Community

Table. Potential pathogen levels in manure and municipal wastewater treatment residual wastes. Pathogens are presented as a range of low to high levels as reported in the cited references.

Pathogen	Manure or biosolids pathogen level
	Residual Source	Range^‡ CFU or PFU dry g^-1		References
Bacteria		Low High
Campylobacter jejuni	Bovine	4.1 x 10¹– 5.3 x 10²	Hutchison et al., 2005a
	Poultry	1.5 x 10¹ – 7.6 x 10³	Hutchison et al., 2005a; Kelley et al., 1994
	Swine	4.2 x 10¹ – 5.1 x 10³	Chinivasagam et al., 2004; Hutchison et al., 2005a; McLaughlin et al., 2009
	Raw Sludge	2.6 x 10³– 3.8 x 10³	Betaieb et al., 1990; Jones et al., 1990
	Class B Biosolids	1.6 x 10⁰	Betaieb et al., 1990; Jones et al., 1990; Pepper et al., 2010
E. coli O157	Bovine	2.4 x 10¹– 1.2 x 10³	Berry et al., 2005; Hutchison et al., 2005a
Listeria monocytogenes	Bovine	3.3 x 10² – 1.1 x 10³	Hutchison et al., 2005a
	Poultry	4.0 x 10¹– 8.3 x 10²	Hutchison et al., 2005a; Brooks et al., 2009
	Swine	1.4 x 10¹– 3.1 x 10³	Hutchison et al., 2005a; McLaughlin et al., 2009
	Raw Sludge	2.3 x 10² – 1.5 x 10³	Garrec et al., 2003
	Class B Biosolids	8.3 x 10^-1– 2.6 x 10¹	Garrec et al., 2003
Salmonella spp.	Bovine	1.6 x 10²– 2.5 x 10³	Hutchison et al., 2005a
	Poultry	9.6 x 10^-1– 4.0 x 10³	Brooks et al., 2008; Hutchison et al., 2005a
	Swine	6.2 x 10⁰– 4.1 x 10²	Chinivasagam et al., 2004; Hutchison et al., 2005a; McLaughlin et al., 2009; Vanotti et al., 2005
	Raw Sludge	5.1 x 10²– 1.1 x 10⁴	Pepper et al., 2010; Gerba et al., 2008
	Class B Biosolids	5.0 x 10⁰– 1.1 x 10²	Pepper et al., 2010; Gerba et al., 2008
Virus
Adenovirus	Raw Sludge	2.8 x 10¹– 5.8 x 10²	Viau et al., 2009^§, Pepper et al., 2010
	Class B Biosolids	3.7 x 10⁰– 4.3 x 10²	Viau et al., 2009³; Pepper et al., 2010
Enteroviruses	Raw Sludge	4.8 x 10⁰– 3.5 x 10²	Soares et al., 1994;Guzman et al., 2007; Pepper et al., 2010
	Class B Biosolids	1.0 x 10^-1– 1.3 x 10²	Soares et al., 1994; Guzman et al., 2007; Pepper et al., 2010
Norovirus	Raw Sludge	3.6 x 10³– 2.0 x 10⁷	Wong et al., 2010
	Class B Biosolids	1.0 x 10³– 3.0 x 10³	Wong et al., 2010
Parasite
Cryptosporidium parvum	Bovine	2.8 x 10^-1– 1.8 x 10²	Heitman et al., 2002; Hutchison et al., 2005a; Atwill et al., 2006; Lalancette et al., 2012
	Raw Sludge	1.3 x 10¹– 6.4 x 10¹	Guzman et al., 2007
	Class B Biosolids	7.4 x 10^-2– 6.7 x 10⁰	Guzman et al., 2007

^‡. Ranges were presented as lower and upper bound positive values assuming pathogen presence in the residual; it is possible that a residual source could be below detection limits or 0 g^-1 which would yield insignificant risks.

^§.Viau and Peccia (2009) and Wong et al. (2010) data was converted from genomic unit g^-1 to infectious unit g^-1 using a 1000:1 and 50:1 genomic:infectious unit ratio, respectively.

Question or concerns, contact John Brooks (john.brooks@ars.usda.gov)